What is neo functionalism?

Neo functionalism is a theoretical approach to understanding European integration that builds on classical functionalism but emphasizes the role of non-state actors such as interest groups, social movements, and transnational networks in shaping policy outcomes. It sees integration as a bottom-up process driven by mutual dependencies and expectations among actors in different policy areas, rather than a top-down process driven by state elites. Neo functionalism also emphasizes the importance of spill-over effects, where integration in one area leads to integration in other areas, as well as the need for strong supranational institutions to manage and facilitate integration. Advocates of neo functionalism argue that it offers a more dynamic and flexible approach to European integration than traditional intergovernmentalism or federalism.